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Over 40 filovirus disease outbreaks have been reported since the discovery of the first member of the Filoviridae family, and most of the outbreaks have occurred in Africa. In addition to deaths (primary impacts), there have also ...
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Over 40 filovirus disease outbreaks have been reported since the discovery of the first member of the Filoviridae family, and most of the outbreaks have occurred in Africa. In addition to deaths (primary impacts), there have also been health, social, economic, and political effects (secondary impacts) due to the outbreaks. Two large filovirus disease outbreaks have occurred in West and Central Africa in recent times, and direct and indirect repercussions resulting from the outbreaks underscores the need to strengthen the capacity of health services in disease hotspots.
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BACKGROUND: Information on the clinical features of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) will be of value to physicians caring for patients suspected of having this disorder. METHODS: We abstracted data on the clinical pre...
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BACKGROUND: Information on the clinical features of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) will be of value to physicians caring for patients suspected of having this disorder. METHODS: We abstracted data on the clinical presentation and course of disease in 10 epidemiologically linked Chinese patients (5 men and 5 women 38 to 72 years old) in whom SARS was diagnosed between February 22, 2003, and March 22, 2003, at our hospitals in Hong Kong, China. RESULTS: Exposure between the source patient and subsequent patients ranged from minimal to that between patient and health care provider. The incubation period ranged from 2 to 11 days. All patients presented with fever (temperature, >38 degrees C for over 24 hours), and most presented with rigor, dry cough, dyspnea, malaise, headache, and hypoxemia. Physical examination of the chest revealed crackles and percussion dullness. Lymphopenia was observed in nine patients, and most patients had mildly elevated aminotransferase levels but normal serum creatinine levels. Serial chest radiographs showed progressive air-space disease. Two patients died of progressive respiratory failure; histologic analysis of their lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage. There was no evidence of infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Legionella pneumophila. All patients received corticosteroid and ribavirin therapy a mean (+/-SD) of 9.6+/-5.42 days after the onset of symptoms, and eight were treated earlier with a combination of beta-lactams and macrolide for 4+/-1.9 days, with no clinical or radiologic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: SARS appears to be infectious in origin. Fever followed by rapidly progressive respiratory compromise is the key complex of signs and symptoms from which the syndrome derives its name. The microbiologic origins of SARS remain unclear.
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BACKGROUND: There has been an outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) worldwide. We report the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features of 138 cases of suspected SARS during a hospital outbreak in Hong Kong. ...
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BACKGROUND: There has been an outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) worldwide. We report the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features of 138 cases of suspected SARS during a hospital outbreak in Hong Kong. METHODS: From March 11 to 25, 2003, all patients with suspected SARS after exposure to an index patient or ward were admitted to the isolation wards of the Prince of Wales Hospital. Their demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic characteristics were analyzed. Clinical end points included the need for intensive care and death. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: There were 66 male patients and 72 female patients in this cohort, 69 of whom were health care workers. The most common symptoms included fever (in 100 percent of the patients); chills, rigors, or both (73.2 percent); and myalgia (60.9 percent). Cough and headache were also reported in more than 50 percent of the patients. Other common findings were lymphopenia (in 69.6 percent), thrombocytopenia (44.8 percent), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels (71.0 percent and 32.1 percent, respectively). Peripheral air-space consolidation was commonly observed on thoracic computed tomographic scanning. A total of 32 patients (23.2 percent) were admitted to the intensive care unit; 5 patients died, all of whom had coexisting conditions. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of an adverse outcome were advanced age (odds ratio per decade of life, 1.80; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.16 to 2.81; P=0.009), a high peak lactate dehydrogenase level (odds ratio per 100 U per liter, 2.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.28 to 3.42; P=0.003), and an absolute neutrophil count that exceeded the upper limit of the normal range on presentation (odds ratio, 1.60; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.50; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: SARS is a serious respiratory illness that led to significant morbidity and mortality in our cohort.
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On 19th July 2007 re-occurrence of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was noticed in Europe. The index strain of this novel H5N1 lineage was identified in the Czech Republic where it caused historically the fi...
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On 19th July 2007 re-occurrence of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was noticed in Europe. The index strain of this novel H5N1 lineage was identified in the Czech Republic where it caused historically the first HPAI outbreak in commercial poultry. In the present study we performed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the index strain of the re-emerging H5N1 virus lineage along with the Czech and the Slovak H5N1 strains collected in 2006 and established the evolutionary relationships to additional viruses circulated in Europe in 2005-2006. Our analysis revealed that the Czech and the Slovak H5N1 viruses collected during 2006 were separated into two sub-clades 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, which predominated in Europe during 2005-2006. On the contrary the newly emerged H5N1 viruses belonged to a clearly distinguishable sub-clade 2.2.3. Within the sub-clade 2.2.3 the Czech H5N1 strains showed the closest relationships to the simultaneously circulated viruses from Germany, Romania and Russia (Krasnodar) in 2007 and were further clustered with the viruses from Afghanistan and Mongolia circulated in 2006. The origin of the Czech 2007 H5N1 HPAI strains was also discussed. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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During rabies outbreaks in cattle (paralytic rabies) in Argentina associated with the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, rabies was observed in marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), capybara ...
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During rabies outbreaks in cattle (paralytic rabies) in Argentina associated with the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, rabies was observed in marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), savanna fox (Cerdocyon thous), and great fruit-eating bat (Artibeus lituratus). Rabies could constitute a threat to the survival of marsh deer in places where they live in small groups, and infection of both great fruit-eating bats and savanna fox represent a risk for humans; both species exhibit aggressiveness and fury when infected.
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Eleven species of wild waterfowl (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes) were found dead in the Hongjian Nur Lake in the Ordos wetland, Inner Mongolia of northern China, in 2007. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from tissue samples o...
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Eleven species of wild waterfowl (Anseriformes and Charadriiformes) were found dead in the Hongjian Nur Lake in the Ordos wetland, Inner Mongolia of northern China, in 2007. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from tissue samples of dead and sick birds and identified as P. multocida subsp. multocida, serotype A1, using serologic and molecular techniques. Eight bird species in this outbreak had never been previously reported with P. m. multocida infection. This was also the first report of fowl cholera in wild waterfowl in China.
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In 2007, an outbreak of disease occurred in South African pomegranate orchards. The symptoms included leaf and fruit spots, and cankers on stems, branches and trunks. Based on biochemical and molecular analyses and pathogenicity t...
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In 2007, an outbreak of disease occurred in South African pomegranate orchards. The symptoms included leaf and fruit spots, and cankers on stems, branches and trunks. Based on biochemical and molecular analyses and pathogenicity tests, the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae was identified as the causal agent. This is the first report of bacterial blight on pomegranate in South Africa.
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The clinical symptoms of sheep pox are indistinguishable from that of contagious ecthyma caused by Parapox virus (Robinson and Balassu, 1981). Both these viruses cross react in agar gel immunodiffusion and serum neutralization tes...
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The clinical symptoms of sheep pox are indistinguishable from that of contagious ecthyma caused by Parapox virus (Robinson and Balassu, 1981). Both these viruses cross react in agar gel immunodiffusion and serum neutralization tests (Chand et al., 1994). The present paper describes the outbreak of sheep pox in Punjab and molecular detection of the DNA of the organism by Capri pox diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Four years ago a Guest Editorial in The Veterinary Journal posed the question ‘What is the prevalence and economic impact of chlamydial infections in cattle?’ (Livingstone and Longbottom, 2006). Although Chlamydophila abortus an...
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Four years ago a Guest Editorial in The Veterinary Journal posed the question ‘What is the prevalence and economic impact of chlamydial infections in cattle?’ (Livingstone and Longbottom, 2006). Although Chlamydophila abortus and C. pecorum are still considered the most important potential pathogens in cattle, with possible roles for C. psittaci and the related bacterium Waddlia chondrophila (Henning et al., 2002), more recent evidence suggests infection with Chlamydia suis (Teankum et al., 2007 K. Teankum, A. Pospischil, F. Janett, E. Brugnera, L.E. Hoelzle, K. Hoelzle, R. Weilenmann, D.R. Zimmermann, A. Gerber, A. Polkinghorne and N. Borel, Prevalence of chlamydiae in semen and genital tracts of bulls, rams and bucks. Theriogenology, 67 (2007), pp. 303–310. Teankum et al., 2007) and a related member of the order Chlamydiales, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae, may also contribute (Ruhl et al., 2009).
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Infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and subsequent pandemics are not typical disasters in the sense that they often lack clearly delineated phases. As in any event that is biological in nature, its onset may be gradual with s...
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Infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and subsequent pandemics are not typical disasters in the sense that they often lack clearly delineated phases. As in any event that is biological in nature, its onset may be gradual with signs and symptoms that are so subtle that they go unrecognized, thus missing opportunities to invoke an early response and implement containment strategies. An infectious disease outbreak—whether caused by a novel virus, a particularly virulent influenza strain, or newly emerging or resistant bacteria with the capability of human-to-human transmission—can quickly degrade a community’s healthcare infrastructure in advance of coordinated mitigation, preparation, and response activities. The Transitional Medical Model (TMM) was developed to aid communities with these crucial phases of disaster response as well as to assist with the initial steps within the recovery phase. The TMM is a methodology that provides a crosswalk between the routine operations and activities of a community’s public health infrastructure with action steps associated with the mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery phases of an infectious disease outbreak.
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